Key Elements of the Language
SenseTalk in a Nutshell
SenseTalk is a powerful, high level, and easy-to-read language. It is designed to be similar to English, avoiding cryptic symbols and rigid syntax when possible, in order to be both easy to read and to write. This section briefly describes many aspects of the language.
The information presented here is intended to provide a quick overview of most of the key elements of SenseTalk. Experienced scripters and programmers may find this is enough to get them started using SenseTalk. Other users may want to skim over this section to get a quick sense of what ’s ahead before moving on to the more detailed explanations in following sections.
You may also find this section to be a convenient place to turn later when all you need is a quick reminder of how things work. For each topic, references are given to the section where more complete information may be found.
Scripts
A SenseTalk script is a series of command statements. This is often stored as a text file on your computer. When the script is run, each statement is executed in turn. Commands usually begin with a verb, and are each written on a separate line.
One of the first things you will notice about SenseTalk as you write scripts is the colorization. The script is color-coded indicating what the various parts of the script are. For instance, a variable will have a different color than a string literal. Bold and italic are also used to differentiate the different components of a script. There are multiple script themes available, and the styling can also be fully customized in the Eggplant Functional Script Preferences Theme Pane.
SenseTalk is not case-sensitive; commands can be written in uppercase, lowercase, or a mixture without changing the meaning.
Example:
Put 7 Into days
multiply Days by 4
PUT DAYS -- Prints "28"
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Simple Values
In SenseTalk there are simple values.
Examples:
5 -- number
sixty-four -- number expressed in words
"❤ hello ❤" -- text string (full international Unicode text allowed)
@"Hello\nNew\nWorld" -- text string with escape codes
empty -- constant
0x7F -- hexadecimal number
<3FA64B> -- binary data
(see Values)
Text Blocks
Multi-line blocks of text may be enclosed in {{ and }}. This type of text block is particularly useful for dynamically setting the script of an object, or for defining a block of data.
Example:
set names to {{
Harry Potter
Hermione Granger
Ron Weasley
}}
(see Values)
Tech Talk
Text blocks can use labels, similar to "here is" blocks in some other languages. This also allows them to be nested.
Operators
Operators combine values into expressions. A full range of common (and some uncommon) operators is available. A put command with no destination displays the value of an expression.
Example:
put 3 + 2 * 7 -- Prints: 17
put five is less than two times three -- Prints: true
put "a" is in "Magnificent" -- Prints: true
put 7 is between 5 and 12 -- Prints: true
put "poems/autumn/InTheWoods" split by "/" -- Prints: [poems,autumn,InTheWoods]
Example:
Parentheses can be used to group operations.
put ((3 + 2) * 7) is 35 -- true
(see Expressions)
Concatenation
Text strings can be joined (concatenated) using & or &&. The & operator joins strings directly; && joins them with an intervening space.
Example:
put "red" & "orange" -- "redorange"
put "Hello" && "World" -- "Hello World"
(see Expressions)
Value assignment
Values can be stored in containers. A variable is a simple container. Either the put into or set to command may be used to assign a value to a container.
Example:
put 12 into counter
set counter to 12
Variables are created automatically when used; they do not need to be declared first.
(see Containers)
The Put Command
The put command can also append values before or after the contents of a container.
Example:
put 123 into holder -- "123"
put "X" before holder -- "X123"
put "Y" after holder -- "X123Y"
(see Containers)
Typeless Language
SenseTalk is a typeless language. Variables can hold any type of value.
Example:
put 132 into bucket -- bucket is holding a number
put "green cheese" into bucket -- now bucket holds a text string
Values are converted automatically as needed.
Example:
put ("1" & "2") / 3 -- 4
(see Expressions)
Unquoted Strings
Any variable that has not yet had a value stored into it will evaluate to its name. In this way, they can be used as unquoted strings, which can be convenient.
Example:
put Bread && butter -- "Bread butter"
(see Containers)
Constants
Some words have predefined values other than their names. These are commonly called “constants” but SenseTalk tries to allow you maximum freedom to use any variable names you choose, so only a very few of these are truly constant; the others can be used as variables and have their values changed.
The actual constants include true, false, end, empty, and return.
Example:
put street1 & return & street2 & return & city into address
if line 2 of address is empty then delete line 2 of address
The predefined variables include numbers and special characters like quote and tab.
Examples:
put 2*pi -- 6.283185
add one to count
put "Edward" && quote & "Red" & quote && "Jones" -- Edward "Red" Jones
put comma after word 2 of sentence
(see Values.)
Comments
Comments can add descriptive information. Comments are ignored by SenseTalk when your script is running. The symbols -- (two dashes in a row), —(an em dash), or // (two slashes) mark the remainder of that line as a comment.
For longer (or shorter) comments you may enclose the comment in (* and *). This technique is sometimes used to temporarily turn off (or “comment out”) part of a script. These "block comments" can be nested.
Example:
This script adds two numbers and returns the sum. In-line comments are notated using the two dash notation (--).
params a,b -- this line declares names for the two parameters
return a+b -- returns the sum (that's all there is to it!)
Example:
This larger block of code is commented out using the parentheses and asterisks notation (* and *). These are nested.
(*
put "the total so far is : " & total -- check the values
put "the average is : " & total / count (* a nested comment *)
*)
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Chunk Expressions
A chunk expression can be used to specify part of a value.
Examples:
put word 2 of "green cheese" -- "cheese"
put item 3 of "one,two,three,four" -- "three"
put lines 1 to 3 of bigText -- the first 3 lines
put the first 3 lines of bigText -- also the first 3 lines
put any character of "abcdefg" -- one letter chosen at random
Negative numbers count back from the end of a value:
Examples:
put item -3 of "one,two,three,four" -- "two"
put chars 2 to -2 of "abcdefg" -- "bcdef"
Chunks of containers are also containers (you can store into them).
Example:
put "green cheese" into bucket -- bucket contains "green cheese"
put "blue" into word 1 of bucket -- bucket now contains "blue cheese"
put "ack" into chars 3 to 4 of word 1 of bucket -- bucket now contains "black cheese"
(see Chunk Expressions)
Tech Talk
SenseTalk's chunk expressions provide capabilities similar to substring functions or slices in other languages, but are much more expressive and powerful.
Lists
You can create a list of values by merely listing the values in square brackets [ ] separated by commas.
Lists are typically enclosed in square brackets [], but can also be enclosed by parentheses for historical reasons.
Examples:
put [1,2,3]
put ["John",67, "555-1234", cityName]
put ["bread", "milk", "tofu"]
Lists may include any type of value, including other lists.
Example:
put ["Mary", 19, ["555-6545", "555-0684"], "Boston"]
Lists can be stored in containers.
Example:
put [2,3,5,7,11,13] into earlyPrimes
(see Values)
List Items
Items in a list can be accessed by number. The first item is number 1.
Example:
put item 1 of ["red", "green", "blue"] -- Prints: "red"
put the third item of ["c","d","e","f","g"] -- Prints: "e"
List items in a container are also containers (they can be stored into).
Example:
put [12,17,32] into numbers -- numbers is: [12,17,32]
put 99 into item 5 of numbers -- numbers is now: [12,17,32,,99]
add 4 to item 2 of numbers -- numbers is now: [12,21,32,,99]
(see Chunk Expressions)
Combining Lists
Lists can be joined using &&&.
Example:
put ["red", "green", "blue"] into colors
-- The colors variable contains: ["red", "green", "blue"]
put [12,17,32] into numbers
-- The numbers variable contains: [12,17,32]
put colors &&& numbers into combinedList
-- The combinedList variable contains: ["red","green","blue",12,17,32]
To create a list of nested lists instead of combining into a single list, just use parentheses to create a new list.
Example:
put ["red", "green", "blue"] into colors
-- colors contains: ["red", "green", "blue"]
put [12,17,32] into numbers
-- numbers contains: [12,17,32]
put colors &&& numbers into combinedList
-- combinedList contains: ["red","green","blue",12,17,32]
put [colors,numbers] into nestedList
-- nestedList contains both the colors and numbers lists:
-- [["red","green","blue"], [12,17,32]]
(see Expressions)
Property Lists
A simple object or property list is a collection of named values (called properties). Each value in an object is identified by its property name.
Property lists are typically enclosed in curly braces , but can also be enclosed by parentheses for historical reasons.
Examples:
put {size:12, color:blue} into myJeans -- Property names in this list are "size" and "color".
put {name:"John", age:67, phone:"555-1234", city:"Denver"} into GreatSinger -- Property names in this list are "name", "age", "phone", and "city".
Objects can be stored in containers.
Example:
put {size:8, color:pink} into description
(see Values, Lists, and Property Lists)
Tech Talk
SenseTalk's property lists are similar to collections known as hash tables, associative arrays, dictionaries or records in other languages. However, a SenseTalk property list is an object that can have behaviors as well as data values when certain special properties are set.
Object Properties
Properties in an object can be accessed by name.
Example:
put property width of {shape:"oval", height:12, width:16} -- Prints: 16
New properties can be created simply by storing into them.
Example:
put "red" into property color of currentShape
(see Containers)
An object’s properties can be accessed in several different ways.
Example:
put {name:"Michael"} into mike -- Creates an object
put a new object into property cat of mike -- Creates a nested object
put "Fido" into the name of mike's cat
put mike's cat's name -- Fido
put mike.name -- Michael
In addition, an object can access its own properties (or those of an object it is helping) using “me” and “my”.
Examples:
put the age of me
if my name begins with "s" then ...
(see Objects and Messages)
Properties are containers – their contents can be changed.
Example:
add one to my dog's age -- it's her birthday!
((see Containers, Lists, and Property Lists)
Nesting
Lists and objects can be nested in complex ways.
Example:
put {size:12, colors:[blue,orange], vendor:{name:"Jackson Industries",phone:"555-4532"}}
(see Lists and Property Lists)
Ranges
A range is an expression that uses to or .. to specify a range of values. A range can be stored in a variable.
Example:
put 13 to 19 into teenRange
put teenRange -- Prints: "13 to 19"
A range can be explicitly converted to a list.
Example:
put 13 to 19 into teenRange
put teenRange -- Prints: 13 to 19
put teenRange as list -- Prints: [13,14,15,16,17,18,19]
Or a range can simply be treated like a list:
put 13 to 19 into teenRange
put teenRange -- Prints: 13 to 19
put item 4 of teenRange -- Prints: 16
delete item 1 of teenRange -- teenRange is now a list: [14,15,16,17,18,19]
(see Ranges)
Iterators
A range, a list, or a custom iterator object can be used as an iterator to obtain a sequence of values one at a time.
Example:
put "Z" to "A" into reverseAlphabet
put reverseAlphabet.nextValue -- Prints: Z
put reverseAlphabet.nextValue -- Prints: Y
put reverseAlphabet.nextValue -- Prints: X
(see Iterators)
Each Expressions
An each expression can generate a list of values of interest.
Example:
set saying to "Beauty lies beyond the bounds of reason"
put each word of saying where each begins with "b" -- Prints: [Beauty,beyond,bounds]
Operations can be applied to each value in an each expression.
Example:
put the length of each word of saying -- Prints: [6,4,6,3,6,2,6]
put uppercase of each word of saying where the length of each is 6
-- Prints: [BEAUTY,BEYOND,BOUNDS,REASON]
(see Each Expressions)
Repeat Blocks
Repeat blocks are used to repeat a sequence of command statements several times.
Example:
repeat 3 times
play "Glass"
wait one second
end repeat
Several types of repeat loops are available, including repeat while, repeat until, repeat with and repeat with each.
Example:
repeat with each item of [1,3,5,7,9]
put it & tab & it squared & tab & the square root of it
end repeat
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Tech Talk
All loops in SenseTalk use
repeat. There are different forms of repeat that correspond to most of the popular loop constructs available in other languages.
Conditionals
if / then / else constructs let scripts choose which commands to execute based on conditions.
Example:
if hoursWorked > 40 then calculateOvertime
-- Where hoursWorked contains a number, and calculateOvertime is a handler with
-- functionality to calculate the overtime hours if hoursWorked exceeds 40.
if lastName comes before "Jones" then
-- This conditional statement sorts employees into two lists based on overtime hours.
put firstName && lastName & return after firstPageList
else
put firstName && lastName & return after secondPageList
end if
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Calling Another Script
A script can run another script by simply using the name of the other script as a command.
Example:
simplify -- Runs a script called "simplify"
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Parameters
Parameters can be passed to the other script by listing them after the command name.
Example:
simplify 1,2,3
-- Runs a script called "simplify" and passes three values as parameters to that script
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Run Command
If a script's name contains spaces or special characters, or it is located in another directory, the run command can be used to run it.
Example:
run "more complex" -- Runs the "more complex" script
Parameters can also be passed using run.
Example:
run "lib/registerStudent" "Chris Jones","44-2516"
-- Runs a script called "lib/registerStudent" and passes two parameters:
-- "Chris Jones" and "44-2416".
(see Messages)
Handlers
A script may include handlers that define additional behaviors.
Example:
to handle earnWages hours, rate
add hours*rate to my grossWages
end earnWages
A script can call one of its handlers as a command.
Example:
earnWages 40, 12.75 -- Calls the below handler called earnWages
to handle earnWages hours, rate
add hours*rate to my grossWages
end earnWages
A handler in another script can be called using the run command:
run ScoreKeeper's resetScores "east", "south"
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Try/Catch Blocks
A script can catch any exceptions that are thrown when errors occur during execution:
try -- Begins trapping errors
riskyOperation -- Do something that might raise an error
catch theException
-- Put code here to recover from any errors
end try
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Exceptions
A script may also throw an exception. If an exception thrown by a script is not caught by a try block, script execution will be stopped.
throw "error name", "error description"
(See Script Structure and Control Flow)
Local and Global Properties
Local and global properties control various aspects of script operation. They can be treated as containers, and are accessed using the word "the" followed by the property name.
Examples:
set the numberFormat to "0.00"
insert "Natural" after the timeInputFormat
(see Containers)
File Access
File contents can be accessed directly.
Example:
put file "/Users/mbg/travel.log" into travelData
Files can also be treated as containers, allowing data to be written to them or modified in place. If the file does not already exist, it will be created.
Examples:
put updatedTravelData into file "/Users/mbg/travel.log"
add 1 to item 2 of line updateIndex of file "/Users/mbg/updates"
(see File and Folder Interaction)
Sorting
The sort command provides expressive and flexible sorting of items in a list or of text chunks in a container.
Examples:
sort callsReceivedList
sort the lines of file "donors" descending
sort the items of inventory in numeric order by the quantity of each
(see Text and Data Manipulation)
Summary
The list of features and brief descriptions provided above give only an introductory summary of the language. SenseTalk offers many other capabilities not mentioned here, plus additional options for these features. The remaining sections of this manual describe all of SenseTalk’s features in detail.